| Slavery & Unpaid Labor | Present Value of Unpaid Labor (1776-1865) | $5.9 Trillion | $14.2 Trillion | Thomas Craemer (2015) | Calculated using unremunerated work hours and historical free labor rates, then translated into present-value terms. |
| Broken Promises | 40 Acres and a Mule (Special Field Order 15) | $160 Billion | $3.1 Trillion | Darity & Mullen / Craemer | Represents the value of the 400,000 acres promised in 1865, adjusted through different compounding lenses. |
| Land Loss | Black Agricultural Land Loss (1920-1997) | $326 Billion | $600 Billion+ | American Bar Association / Research Scholars | Tracks the loss of roughly 16 million acres through discriminatory lending, legal pressure, and coerced transfer. |
| Housing Exclusion | Redlining & FHA Discrimination (CA Task Force) | $158,000 per person | Varies by duration | California Reparations Task Force (2023) | Represents compounded missed housing equity for residents exposed to state-backed exclusion during the redlining era. |
| Wealth Gap | Total Racial Wealth Gap (Current) | $10 Trillion | $14 Trillion | Federal Reserve / Darity | Frames the present wealth gap as the live residue of denied transfers, blocked ownership, and unequal compounding. |
| State Violence & Law | Mass Incarceration & Over-policing | $115,000 per year | Per person impact | California Reparations Task Force (2023) | Captures lost wages and material harm associated with incarceration, sentencing disparities, and over-policing. |