Forty Acres and a Mule
The federal promise, its rescission, and the compounding consequences remain one of the clearest reparations proof points because a denied land transfer can be read as denied capital.
Research archive
Reparations Evidence
Explore evidence on forty acres and a mule, housing exclusion, GI Bill denial, Black farmland loss, racial violence, and the wealth gap.
Redlining and Housing Exclusion
Redlining is a state-backed exclusion system, not only a private-market failure, which makes missed home equity central to any serious full cash repair calculation.
GI Bill Denial
Housing and education benefits formally existed, but discriminatory administration blocked equal Black access to the postwar wealth escalator and reshaped inheritance for generations.
Black Farmland Loss
A century-scale decline in Black-owned farmland turns land theft, credit discrimination, forced sales, and institutional neglect into measurable capital destruction.
Tulsa and Racial Mass Violence
Destruction of Black wealth centers by violence is direct property destruction and sits cleanly inside a reparations evidence model because the loss was material, local, familial, and economic.
Wealth Gap as Current Ledger
The wealth gap is not only a symptom; on this surface it functions as the live residual of historical extraction, missed transfers, unequal compounding, and unrepaired policy design.